Journals
Burgener N, Dehnhard M, Hofer H, East ML 2009. Does anal gland scent signal identity in the spotted hyaena? Animal Behaviour 77: 707-715.
East ML, Höner OP, Wachter B, Wilhelm K, Burke T, Hofer H 2009. Maternal effects on offspring social status in spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology 20: 478-483.
Hofer H, East ML 2008 Siblicide in Serengeti spotted hyenas: a long-term study of maternal input and cub survival. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62: 341-351.
East ML, Wibbelt G, Lieckfeldt D, Ludwig A, Goller K, Wilhelm K, Schares G, Thierer D, Hofer H 2008. A Hepatozoon species genetically distinct from H.canis infecting spotted hyenas in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(1): 45-52.
Burgener N, East ML, Hofer H, Dehnhard M 2008: Do spotted hyena scent marks code for clan membership? In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates XI. Hurst J, Beynon R, Müller-Schwarze D (eds), Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Germany, USA, 169 - 177.
Höner OP, Wachter B, East ML, Streich WJ, Wilhelm K, Burke T, Hofer H 2008. Do female hyaenas choose mates based on tenure? Reply. Nature 454: E2-E2. doi:10.1038/nature07123.
Höner OP, Wachter B, East ML, Streich WJ, Wilhelm K, Burke T, Hofer H 2007 Female mate-choice drives the evolution of male-biased dispersal in a social mammal. Nature 448: 798-801.
Höner OP, Wachter B, Speck S, Wibbelt G, Ludwig A, Fyumagwa RD, Wohlsein P, Lieckfeldt D, Hofer H, East ML 2006 Severe Streptococcus infection in spotted hyenas in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Veterinary Microbiology 115: 223-228.
Nyahongo, JW, East ML, Mturi FA, Hofer H 2005 Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in the Serengeti ecosystem. Environmental Conservation 32: 326-332.
Höner OP, Wachter B, East ML, Runyoro VA, Hofer H 2005 The effect of prey abundance and foraging tactics on the population dynamics of a social, territorial carnivore, the spotted hyena. Oikos 108: 544-554.
Borchers K, Frölich K, Wiik H, Ludwig H, East ML 2005 Antibodies against equine herpesviruses and equine arteritis virus in Burchell´s zebra (Equus burchelli) from the Serengeti Ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(1): 80-86.
Grange S, Duncan P, Gaillard JM, Sinclair ARE, Gogan PJP, Packer C, Hofer H, East ML 2004 What limits the Serengeti zebra population? Oecologia 140: 523-532.
Peters G, East ML, Herzel HP, Henschel JR, Mills MGL, Wilhelm K, Hofer H 2004 Spotted hyaena whoops: frequent incidence of vocal instabilities in a mammalian loud call. Bioacoustics 14: 99-109.
East ML, Moestl K, Benetka V, Pitra C, Höner OP, Wachter B, Hofer H 2004 Coronavirus infection among spotted hyenas in the Serengeti Ecosystem. Veterinary Microbiology 102: 1-9.
Hofer ML, East ML 2003 Behavioural processes and costs of co-existence in female spotted hyenas: a life history perspective. Evolutionary Ecology 17: 315-331.
Goymann W, East ML, Hofer H 2003 Defense of females, but not social status, predicts plasma androgen levels in male spotted hyenas. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76: 586-593.
Wilhelm K, Dawson DA, Gentle LK, Greig C, Horsefield G, Schlötterer C, Burke T, East ML, Hofer H, Tautz D 2003 Characterisation of spotted hyena Crocuta Crocuta microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology Notes 3: 360-362.
East ML, Burke T, Wilhelm K, Greig C, Hofer H 2003 Sexual conflicts in spotted hyenas: male and female mating tactics and their reproductive outcome with respect to age, social status and tenure. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 270: 1247-1254.
Goymann W, East ML, Wachter B, Höner OP, Möstl E, Hofer H 2003 Social status does not predict corticosteroid levels in post-dispersal male spotted hyenas. Hormones & Behavior 43: 474-479.
Wachter B, Höner OP, East ML, Golla W, Hofer H 2002 Low aggression levels and unbiased sex ratios in a prey-rich environment: no evidence of siblicide in Ngorongoro spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52: 348-356. DOI 10.1007/s00265-002-0522-y
East ML, Hofer H 2002 Conflict and co-operation in a female-dominated society: a re-assessment of the "hyper-aggressive" image of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Advances in the Study of Behavior 31: 1-30.
Höner OP, Wachter B, East ML, Hofer H 2002 The response of spotted hyenas to long-term changes in prey populations: Functional response and interspecific kleptoparasitism. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 236-246.
Loibooki M, Hofer H, Campbell KLI, East ML 2002 Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income. Environmental Conservation 29: 391-398.
East ML, Hofer H, Cox JH, Wulle U, Wiik H, Pitra C 2001 Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 15026-15031.
Goymann W, East ML, Wachter B, Höner O, Möstl E, Van’t Hof TJ, Hofer H 2001 Social, state-dependent and environmental modulation of faecal corticosteroid levels in free-ranging female spotted hyaenas. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 268: 2453-2459
East ML, Hofer H 2001 Male spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta queue for status in social groups dominated by females. Behavioral Ecology 12: 558-568.
East ML, Burrows R 2001 The efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccine for the protection of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) against viral challenge: a review. Erkrankungen der Zootiere (Verhandlungsbericht des Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere) 40: 233-242.
Goymann W, East ML, Hofer H 2001 Androgens and the role of female ‘hyperaggressiveness’ in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Hormones and Behavior 39: 83-92.
Hofer H, Campbell KLI, East ML, Huish S 2000 Modeling the spatial distribution of the economic costs and benefits of illegal game meat hunting in the Serengeti. Natural Resource Modeling 13: 151-177.
Albert R, Hofer H, East ML, Pitra C 2000 Genetische Identifizierung der geographischen Herkunft von Tüpfelhyänen (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777). Zoologischer Garten N.F. 69: 1-10.
Golla W, Hofer H, East ML 1999 Within-litter sibling aggression in spotted hyaenas: effect of maternal nursing, sex and age. Animal Behaviour 58: 715-726.
Goymann W, Möstl E, Van’t Hof T, East ML, Hofer H 1999 Non-invasive fecal monitoring of glucocorticoids in spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta. General and comparative Endocrinology 114: 340-348.
Carpenter MA, Appel MJG, Roelke-Parker ME, Munson L, Hofer H, East M, O’Brien SJ 1998 Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus in Serengeti carnivores. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 65: 259-266.
Hofer H, East ML 1998 Biological conservation and stress. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27: 405-525.
East ML, Hofer H, Burrows R 1997 Stress hormones and radiocollaring of African wild dogs. Conservation Biology 11: 1451-1453.
East ML, Hofer H 1997 The peniform clitoris of female spotted hyaenas. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12: 401-402.
Hofer H, East ML 1997 Skewed offspring sex ratios and sex composition of twin litters in Serengeti spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) are a consequence of siblicide. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 51: 307-316.
East ML & Hofer H 1996 Wild dogs in the Serengeti ecosystem: what really happened. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 509-509.
Hofer H & East ML 1996 The components of parental care and their fitness consequences: a life history perspective. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zoologie 89.2: 149-164
Haas L, Hofer H, East M, Wohlsein P, Liess B, Barrett T 1996 Canine distemper virus infection in Serengeti spotted hyaenas. Veterinary Microbiology 49: 147-152.
East ML 1996 Survivorship in African wild dogs. Conservation Biology 10: 313-313.
East ML & Hofer H 1996 Wild dogs in the Serengeti. Science 271: 275-276
Hofer H, East ML 1995 Virilized sexual genitalia as adaptations of female spotted hyaenas. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 102: 895-906.
Burrows R, Hofer H, East ML 1995 Population dynamics, intervention, and survival in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Proceedings of the Royal Society London B262: 235-245.
Burrows R, Hofer H, East ML 1994 Demography, intervention, and extinction in a small population: the case of the Serengeti wild dogs. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B256: 281-292.
Hofer H, East ML, Campbell KLI 1993 Snares, commuting hyaenas, and migratory herbivores: humans as predators in the Serengeti. Symposia of the zoological Society London 65: 347-366.
Hofer H, East ML 1993 The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. III. Attendance and maternal care. Animal Behaviour 46: 575-589.
Hofer H, East ML 1993 The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. II. Intrusion pressure and commuters' space use. Animal Behaviour 46: 559-574.
Hofer H, East ML 1993 The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. I. Social organization. Animal Behaviour 46: 547-557.
East ML, Hofer H, Wickler W 1993 The erect penis is a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greeting ceremonies in Serengeti spotted hyaenas. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 33: 355-370.
Hofer H, East ML, Campbell KLI 1993 Snares, commuting hyaenas, and migratory herbivores: humans as predators in the Serengeti. Symposia of the zoological Society London 65: 347-366.
East ML, Hofer H 1991 Loud-calling in a female-dominated society: II. Behavioural contexts and functions of whooping of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour 42: 651-669.
East ML, Hofer H 1991 Loud-calling in a female-dominated society: I. Structure and composition of whooping bouts of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour 42: 637-649.
East ML, Hofer H, Türk A 1989 Functions of birth dens in spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Zoology London 219: 690-697.
Patterson IJ, Abdul Jalil S, East M 1989 Damage to winter cereals by greylag and pink-footed geese in north-east Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 23: 879-895.
East ML 1988 Crop selection, feeding skills and risks taken by adult and juvenile rooks (Corvus frugilegus). Ibis 130: 294-299.
East ML, Perrins CM 1988 The effect of nestboxes on breeding populations of birds in broadleaved temperate woodland. Ibis 130: 393-401.
East ML, Hofer H 1986 The use of radio-tracking for monitoring great tit (Parus major) behaviour: a pilot study. Ibis 128: 103-114.
East ML 1982 Time-budgeting by European robins (Erithacus rubecula): inter- and intrasexual comparisons during autumn, winter and early spring. Ornis Scandinavica 13: 85-93.
East ML 1981 Aspects of courtship and parental care of the European robin (Erithacus rubecula). Ornis Scandinavica 12: 230-239.
East ML 1981 Alarm calling and parental investment in the robin (Erithacus rubecula). Ibis 123: 223-230.
East ML 1980 Sex differences and the effect of temperature on the foraging behaviour of robins (Erithacus rubecula). Ibis 122: 517-520.
Book Chapters
Hofer H, East ML 1995 Population dynamics, population size and the commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (eds) Serengeti II. Research, conservation and management of an ecosystem, pp 332-363. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hilborn R, Georgiadis N, Lazarus J, Fryxell JM, Broten MD, Mbano BNN, Murray MG, Sinclair ARE, Durant SM, Mwasaga B, Maige MKS, Arcese P, Albon S, Hofer H, Kapela M, Dobson A, East M, Nkya H, Dublin HT, Packer C, Campbell KLI, Gascoyne SC, Creel SR, Hetz P, Creel NM, Caro TM 1995 A model to evaluate alternative management policies for the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (eds) Serengeti II. Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 617-637.
Hofer H, Campbell KLI, East ML, Huish SA 1996 The impact of game meat hunting on target and non-target species in the Serengeti. In: Dunstone N, Taylor V (eds) The exploitation of mammal populations. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 117-146.
East ML, Hofer H 1998 Cultural and public attitudes: towards an improvement of relationships between hyaenas and man. In: Mills MGL, Hofer H (eds) Hyaenas of the world: status survey and action plan, pp. 96-102. Gland: IUCN.
Hofer H, East ML 2000 Conflict management in female-dominated spotted hyenas. In: Aureli F, de Waal F.B.M. (eds) Natural conflict resolution, pp 232-234. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Colmenares F, Hofer H, East ML 2000 Greeting ceremonies in baboons and hyenas. In: Aureli F, de Waal F.B.M. (eds) Natural conflict resolution, pp 94-96. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hofer H, East ML, Sämmang I, Dehnhard M 2001 Analysis of volatile compounds in scent-marks of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and their possible function in olfactory communication. In: Marchlewska-Koj A, Lepri JJ, Müller-Schwarze D (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates 9, pp 141-148. New York: Plenum Press.
Burgener N, East ML, Hofer H, Dehnhard M 2007 Do spotted hyena scent marks code for clan membership? In: Hurst J, Beynon R, Müller-Schwarze D (eds) Chemical Communication in Vertebrates XI. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York.
East ML, Hofer H 2007 Hyenas and humans. In: Encyclopedia of human animal relationships. Bekoff M (ed) Westview Press, Denver, Colorado.